Challenges pertaining to drinking water quality and Recommendation of Investigated area

                                    Smriti singh 
                              research scholar 
       s.k.m.university, dumka (jharkhand)
                    
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 Challenges pertaining to drinking water quality

•The population in rural areas of santal pargana are mainly dependent on the groundwater is often found to be contaminated with fluoride, iron as well as microbes.

A Victim of Dental fluorosis

                                    

•In recent years, fluorosis has emerged as major public health issue in these areas.

   •Many of the remote villages are not accessible to regular monitoring by government agencies and NGO’s due to transportation and communication problems.

• most of the tribal people depend upon springs and streams for drinking water, but where people reside at a mid-point of the hills, these water sources are located at either top or bottom of that hill.

•The tribal women and children are spending their most of the time and energy to bring water from these sources.

•Children of these communities are dropping out of school due to the increased pressure to support their families.

• in the rainy season they frequently sustain injuries while bringing the water from these sources while attempting to navigate the difficulty hilly terrain.

Recommendation

•To overcome the situation, community based water quality monitoring may be initiated in the area to tackle the situation accordingly water sources selected with help of village workers, field workers for sampling and analysis.

•A team of lead community members and workers has to be trained to analyze the water samples on a periodic basis.

•Proper restriction of anthropogenic activities ( bathing, washing clothes/ utensils), excreta disposal, sewage disposal, idol immersion in water body.

•Proper conventional treatment and disinfection before consumption.

•Simple filtration of water and alum use during monsoon.

•Proper chlorination to maintain residual chlorine level as 0.1 mg/l at the tap end.

•Regular monitoring of water -  physical, chemical and biological properties and compare it from prescribed standard limits of WHO, CPHER, ICMR, ISI.

•Proper maintenance of borewell and dug well to avoid water logging and seepage.

•Handpump in good working conditions at community level.

•Proper sanitation and protection of open well.                                          

                                              

                                        

Water quality monitoring and management: a community based approaches in tribal areas of Santal Pargana, Jharkhand

Smriti singh

Univ. dept. of Zoology

s.k.m.university

Dumka- 814110

jharkhand

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Introduction

•Water for drinking and domestic use is one of the most essential components for sustaining human health, as drinking water should be clean, safe, potable and adequate.

•Access to safe drinking water remains urgent necessity, 90% of rural households still depend completely on untreated groundwater.

•It is estimated that about 21% of communicable diseases in santal pargana are water related.

•Monitoring groundwater quality remains a prime concern and a major challenge in villages of santal pargana.

Investigation area

•Chandopani, dighi and certain remote villages adjoin with these villages in dumka district of santal pargana, Jharkhand.

Objective of the study

•To assess the condition of drinking water sources catering to the people of this area.

•To suggest suitable remedial measures for safe, potable water to the community.

Issues pertaining to drinking water quality  

•Water scarcity in quality and quantity

•Poor sanitation

•Prevalence of water borne diseases

•Lack of awareness for conventional treatment and disinfection

•Lack of hygiene for water storage practices.

•Disposal of waste create a major source of groundwater contamination through leaching process of waste material.

Villagers depend on a single handpump for drinking water 

Villagers depend mostly on uncared pond  for domestic purpose

Washing clothes and utensils in village pond  

Water logging create seepage of contaminated water near groundwater source 

  

Dug well platform in unprotected, uncared and  unhygienic condition 

Drinking water storage practice in open container and under unhygienic condition 

Anthropogenic activity in the investigated pond (Khutabandh, Dumka) and it's analysis data

                                                                    Smriti Singh 

                                                               Research Scholar 

                                              S.K.M.University, Dumka (Jharkhand)

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1. IDOL IMMERSION

2. BATHING AND WASHING

                               PRE AND POST IDOL IMMERSION ANALYSIS DATA

                                                                                 PRE                                      POST

                                                                                                                                                                           

• Water Temperature (°C)                              27                                             24                      
• Transparency (cm)                                       15                                             12
• pH                                                                   7.3                                            6.9
• DO₂  (ppm)                                                     7.0                                            6.1
• FCO₂(ppm)                                                     4.0                                          4.4                             
• Bicarbonate (ppm)                                      186                                           174
• Chloride (ppm)                                             49.63                                        50.0
• Phosphate (ppm)                                         0.050                                        0.060
• Nitrate (ppm)                                              0.41                                          0.52                                      

Conclusion

§Occurrence of blue green algae- microcystis

§Large amount of Rotifers

§Floating vegetation- Eichhornia accompanied by several invertebrates (insects, molluscs)

§Higher dissolved oxygen and high free carbon dioxide

§Slightly alkaline pH

§P/R ratio more than one

   Provide ample evidences of organic pollutant that reflect the nature of pond towards eutrophication process.

     It is a natural process that has been accelerated by human activities and regular influx of sewage.

            Load of organic matter may enhance the growth of microbes that usually degrade the water quality and affect fish production.      

Recommendation

§Dumping of urban wastes and sewage should be properly restricted to retain the quality of pond water.

§Immersion of idol should be avoided to minimize the accumulation of organic and inorganic wastes in the pond.

§Anthropogenic activities like washing of clothes and use of detergent should be discouraged to maintain the quality of water for proper growth of fish.

§Fisheries department should undertake proper management to protect, conserve and propagate fish biota of the pond.

§ Periodical assessment of physico-chemical biological properties are required for a suitable productive pond.

§Periodical renovation of pond will help to restore its productivity and perennial nature.  

Study of Bioindicator of investigated pond (nearby khutabandh, Dumka)

                                                     Smriti Singh

                                                Research Scholar

                                S.K.M.University, Dumka (Jharkhand)

                              Email ID- smriti22071991@gmail.com
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Definition-

 The organisms that indicate pollution due to their bloom or maximum density in an ecosystem are referred to as bioindicator.

Collected Bioindicator-

During the limnological investigation of perennial fish pond of Dumka was conducted and following organisms were identified as bioindicator in the pond ecosystem.

1.     Bloom of Microcystis (These are microphytes found on surface of water, indicate the organic pollution load in the water body).

2.     Abundance of Rotifers like Keratella, Brachionus in maximum density.

3.     Bloom of floating macrophytes namely Azolla species (indicate the Eutrophication nature of water body).

          

Bloom of Azolla on the surface of pond water 

My friends investigating Azolla 😀

 Care taker of the fish pond, removing Azolla to prevent fish from hypoxic condition 

                                    

It's me, clicking pic with Azolla 😀

some fish were dead due to hypoxic condition 

Estimation of primary productivity of investigated pond (Khutabandh, Dumka) by light and dark bottle method

                                      Smriti Singh

                                 Research Scholar

              S.K.M.University, Dumka (Jharkhand)

             Email ID- smriti22071991@gmail.com
                   My YouTube Channel ID              
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Requirements-

• Light and Dark reagent bottle of 250ml
• Conical flask
• Measuring cylinder
• Beaker
• Pipette
• MnSO₄
• Alkaline Iodide
• Conc. H₂SO₄
• Sodium thiosulphate
• Freshly prepared starch solution

Theory-

Primary productivity is the rate of conversion of solar energy to chemical energy through photosynthesis by the producers. It is the amount of carbon fixed in unit time which has been converted into organic material through the process of photosynthesis.

Phytoplankton constitute a major primary producer of a freshwater ecosystem. Primary productivity is the most important biological phenomenon in the aquatic ecosystem where solar energy assimilated by the producer including organic matter used subsequently in respiration is known as Gross Primary Productivity (GPP). Producer while synthesizing organic matter also consume energy obtained from the oxidation of organic matter which is utilized in the Community Respiration (CR).

The amount of organic matter remains stored in producer biomass after respiration is known as Net Primary Productivity (NPP).     

Procedure-

Primary Productivity in aquatic ecosystem may be estimated by Light and Dark bottle method, as prescribed by Gaarder and Gran (1927).

Surface water sample from littoral zone of a perennial pond Khutabandh, Dumka was collected in a set of light and dark reagent bottle (250ml) and incubated in the water on the spot at 10cm below the surface layer of water. It was fixed on a bamboo pole for a period of 4 hours (9:00AM – 1:00PM). Dissolve oxygen contain of initial bottle, light bottle and dark bottle were estimated by Winkler’s Iodometric method prescribed by Welch (1948). The initial value of DO content at the time of incubation was analyzed on the spot where as light and dark bottle value of DO was estimated after incubation hour 9:00AM – 1:00PM.

Analyzed value of DO was depicted in tabular form accordingly GPP, NPP and CR value where derived according to Wood (1975) to recommended the use of following formula to convert DO₂ value (ppm) to its carbon value in gram equivalent.

Calculation-

DO₂ of Initial Bottle (IB)-

Volume of Na₂S₂O₃ consumed during titration of 100ml treated sample = 3.5 ml

DO₂ content in water sample = 3.5 × 2= 7.0ppm

DO₂ of Light Bottle (LB)- 9.7ppm

DO₂ of Dark Bottle (DB)- 5.8ppm

GPP (gC/m³/h) = LB – DB/Time × 0.375/ PQ

Where, PQ= 1.2

                           =  9.7 – 5.8/ 4 × 0.375/1.2

                           = 0.975 × 0.3125

                           = 0.30468 gC/m³/h

NPP (gC/m³/h) = LB – IB/Time × 0.375/ PQ

                            = 9.7 – 7.0/4 × 0.375/1.2

                            = 0.675 × 0.3125

                            = 0.1875 gC/m³/h

CR (gC/m³/h) = IB – DB/Time × 0.375 × RQ

Where, RQ = 1.0

                        = 7.0 – 5.8/4 × 0.375 × 1.0

                        = 0.3 × 0.375 × 1.0

                        = 0.140625 gC/m³/h

P/R = GPP/R

         = 0.30468/0.140625

         = 2.1666

If P/R is greater than 1 then it is said to be autotrophic and if it is less than 1 then it is said to be heterotrophic.

In my calculation, P/R is greater than 1. So, it is autotrophic.